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Australia

Australia

he name Australia (pronounced [əˈstɹæɪljə, -liə] in Australian English[18]) is derived from the Latin Terra Australis("southern land"), a name used for a hypothetical continent in the Southern Hemisphere since ancient times.[19] When Europeans first began visiting and mapping Australia in the 17th century, the name Terra Australis was naturally applied to the new territories.[N 4]

Until the early 19th century, Australia was best known as "New Holland", a name first applied by the Dutch explorer Abel Tasman in 1644 (as Nieuw-Holland) and subsequently anglicised. Terra Australis still saw occasional usage, such as in scientific texts.[N 5] The name Australia was popularised by the explorer Matthew Flinders, who said it was "more agreeable to the ear, and an assimilation to the names of the other great portions of the earth".[25] The first time that Australia appears to have been officially used was in April 1817, when Governor Lachlan Macquarie acknowledged the receipt of Flinders' charts of Australia from Lord Bathurst.[26] In December 1817, Macquarie recommended to the Colonial Office that it be formally adopted.[27] In 1824, the Admiralty agreed that the continent should be known officially by that name.[28] The first official published use of the new name came with the publication in 1830 of The Australia Directory by the Hydrographic Office.[29]

Colloquial names for Australia include "Oz" and "the Land Down Under" (usually shortened to just "Down Under"). Other epithets include "the Great Southern Land", "the Lucky Country", "the Sunburnt Country", and "the Wide Brown Land". The latter two both derive from Dorothea Mackellar's 1908 poem "My Country".[30]

History

Main article: History of Australia

Pre-colonial history

See also: Indigenous Australians

https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Bradshaw_rock_paintings.jpg/220px-Bradshaw_rock_paintings.jpg

Aboriginal rock art in the Kimberleyregion of Western Australia

Human habitation of the Australian continent is estimated to have begun around 65,000 to 70,000 years ago,[31][32] with the migration of people by land bridgesand short sea-crossings from what is now Southeast Asia. These first inhabitants were the ancestors of modern Indigenous Australians.[33] At the time of European settlement in the late 18th century, most Indigenous Australians were hunter-gatherers with complex economies and societies.[32] Indigenous Australians have an oral culture with spiritual values based on reverence for the land and a belief in the Dreamtime. The Torres Strait Islanders, ethnically Melanesian, obtained their livelihood from seasonal horticulture and the resources of their reefs and seas.[34]The northern coasts and waters of Australia were visited sporadically by fishermen from Maritime Southeast Asia.[35]

European arrival

See also: European exploration of Australia

A painting of Captain James Cook in uniform sitting down in front of a map

Portrait of Captain James Cook, the first European to map the eastern coastline of Australia in 1770


Until the early 19th century, Australia was best known as "New Holland", a name first applied by the Dutch explorer Abel Tasman in 1644 (as Nieuw-Holland) and subseque